The common cold is a nose and throat illness caused by viruses. It's usually harmless but can be uncomfortable. Adults often get 2-3 colds yearly, while children may get more. Recovery takes 7-10 days, longer for smokers. Medical care isn't usually needed, but consult a healthcare provider if symptoms persist or worsen. These illnesses are called upper respiratory tract infections.
Cold symptoms
Common cold symptoms usually appear 1-3 days after exposure to the virus and can include:
1. Runny or stuffy nose.
2. Sore or scratchy throat.
3. Cough.
4. Sneezing.
5. Feeling generally unwell.
6. Mild body aches or headache.
7. Low-grade fever.
Mucus from the nose may change from clear to thicker and yellow or green, but this usually doesn't indicate a bacterial infection.
- Symptoms worsening or not improving.
- Fever above 101.3°F (38.5°C) lasting over three days.
- Fever returning after being fever-free.
- Shortness of breath or wheezing.
- Severe sore throat, headache, or sinus pain.
For children, with a common cold, most won't require a healthcare provider's visit. However, seek immediate medical attention for your child if any of the following apply:
1. Fever of 100.4°F (38°C) in newborns up to 12 weeks old.
2. A fever that continues to rise or persists for over two days in a child of any age.
3. More severe symptoms, such as headaches, throat pain, or a persistent cough.
4. Breathing difficulties or wheezing.
5. Complaints of ear pain.
6. Unusual fussiness or drowsiness.
7. Loss of appetite.
Some causes of common cold
Common colds are caused by various viruses, with rhinoviruses being the most common culprit. These viruses enter the body through the mouth, eyes, or nose, and they spread through:
1. Airborne droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks.
2. Direct hand-to-hand contact with an infected individual.
3. Sharing objects contaminated with the virus, such as dishes, towels, toys, or phones.
4. Touching your eyes, nose, or mouth after coming into contact with the virus.
Risk Factors for Contracting a Cold:
- Age: Infants and young children, particularly those in childcare settings, are at higher risk.
- Weakened Immune System: Individuals with chronic illnesses or compromised immune systems face an elevated risk.
- Seasonal Variations: Both children and adults are more susceptible to colds during the fall and winter months.
- Smoking: Active smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke increases vulnerability.
- Exposure: Being in crowded environments, such as schools or airplanes, heightens the likelihood of contracting a cold.
Potential Complications Associated with a Cold:
1. Middle Ear Infection: Characterized by inflammation and fluid accumulation behind the eardrum, often following a cold. Symptoms may include earaches or recurrent fever.
2. Asthma Exacerbation: A cold can trigger wheezing, even in individuals without a history of asthma, exacerbating symptoms for those with pre-existing asthma.
3. Sinusitis: Prolonged cold symptoms in adults or children can lead to sinus swelling and pain, often due to viral or bacterial infection.
4. Secondary Lung Infections: A common cold can progress to more severe lung conditions like pneumonia or bronchitis, with a heightened risk for individuals with asthma or compromised immune systems.
How to prevent the common cold effectively:
1. Hand Hygiene: Thoroughly wash your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. In the absence of soap and water, use a hand sanitizer containing at least 60% alcohol. Teach children the importance of hand-washing and discourage touching the face with unwashed hands.
2. Clean and Disinfect: Regularly clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces like doorknobs, light switches, electronics, countertops, and children's toys, especially if someone in your household has a cold.
3. Respiratory Etiquette: Cover your mouth and nose when sneezing or coughing with tissues, immediately disposing of used tissues and then washing your hands. If no tissue is available, cough or sneeze into your elbow.
4. Avoid Sharing: Do not share drinking glasses or utensils with family members.
5. Social Distancing: Stay away from individuals with colds and try to avoid crowded places. Refrain from touching your face, particularly in crowded settings.
6. Child Care Policies: Ensure your child care center follows robust hygiene practices and has clear policies regarding unwell children staying home.
7. Self-Care: Maintain a healthy lifestyle by eating well, exercising, and getting sufficient sleep to boost your overall health and resilience against illness.
By Andrew Anongu, DailyHealth.
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