What is Typhoid Fever

 

Typhoid fever 

Is a serious illness resulting from the infection of Salmonella Typhi bacteria. It primarily affects the small intestines, giving rise to symptoms such as high fever and abdominal pain, and is commonly referred to as enteric fever. Paratyphoid fever, caused by Salmonella Paratyphi, shares similarities with typhoid but generally presents milder symptoms. It's essential to distinguish these bacteria from those responsible for salmonellosis, a prevalent form of food poisoning. 

Typhoid fever is relatively uncommon in regions like the U.S., Canada, Japan, Western Europe, and Australia. However, it remains a significant global health concern, with an estimated 11 million to 21 million cases worldwide each year.

Typical symptoms of typhoid fever include:

- High fever lasting for several weeks if untreated.

- Headache.

- Chills.

- Loss of appetite.

- Abdominal pain (stomach pain).

- Development of "Rose spots" rash, typically faint pink spots on the chest or stomach.

- Cough.

- Muscle aches.

- Nausea and vomiting.

- Diarrhea or constipation.

Prompt medical attention is crucial to manage this illnes s effectively. 

It's important to note that typhoid fever doesn't spread through activities like kissing; instead, the main mode of transmission is contact with contaminated surfaces or objects. If you plan to travel to areas where typhoid fever is prevalent, it's advisable to consider vaccinations and adhere to safe practices regarding food and water consumption to minimize the risk of infection. 

 
Typhoid fever progresses through four stages:

1. Stage 1: Symptoms appear 5 to 14 days after exposure to Salmonella Typhi. It starts with a gradually rising fever. The bacteria enter the bloodstream during this stage.

2. Stage 2: In the second week, the bacteria multiply in the Peyer's patches, part of the immune system. Abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, and "rose spots" (pink rash-like dots) occur.

3. Stage 3: Without antibiotics, severe damage can occur around the third week, leading to complications like internal bleeding and brain inflammation (encephalitis).

4. Stage 4: Recovery begins, with the fever subsiding. However, the bacteria can persist in the gallbladder without causing symptoms, potentially making you contagious even after feeling better. Early antibiotic treatment can prevent progression to later  stages. 

Treatment 

The primary treatment for typhoid fever is the administration of antibiotics. The choice of antibiotics may vary depending on the specific strain of typhoid bacteria causing the infection and its antibiotic susceptibility, as well as the geographical location where the illness was contracted. Paratyphoid fever, a similar illness caused by Salmonella Paratyphi, is also treated with antibiotics.

Commonly used antibiotics for typhoid fever include:

1. Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, or ofloxacin.

2. Ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, or cefixime.

3. Azithromycin.

4. Carbapenems.

In severe cases or when complications arise, such as internal bleeding or inflammation, your healthcare provider may recommend additional treatments. Hospitalization may be necessary for these interventions.

In certain instances of severe illness, steroids like dexamethasone may also be used as part of the treatment plan. It's essential to follow your healthcare provider's guidance closely to effectively manage and recover from typhoid fever. 

To lower your chances of contracting typhoid fever by doing the following:

1. Vaccination: If you plan to visit or live in regions where typhoid is prevalent, consider getting vaccinated. There are both oral and injectable vaccines available, and periodic booster shots may be necessary.

2.Hand Hygiene: Emphasize thorough handwashing using soap and water before eating, handling food, and after using the restroom.

3.Safe Food Practices: Avoid preparing meals for others if you are unwell. Ensure you clean cooking surfaces and utensils meticulously both before and after use. When in doubt about food safety, opt for well-cooked or packaged options.

4.Water Safety: Steer clear of consuming untreated water or dishes prepared with untreated water. It's advisable to rely on bottled water for drinking and cooking, especially when the quality of the water source is uncertain.

By following these guidelines and considering vaccination in areas at higher risk, you can substantially reduce your susceptibility to typhoid fever. 

By Andrew Anongu, DailyHealth